UNMy name is Immaculate. I love to sing, dance, play piano, play guitar, draw, go shopping, read minds, and have fun...safely of course :) My favorite subjects are English language and psychology. That's all about myself.
The article about the National Geographic mainly elicited the idea that teenagers made unconscious/reckless decisions due to the fact that teenage brains are not fully developed .They are not as developed as adult brains.
Risk Taker Quiz Results
You are a moderate risk taker. You like to have fun, but you usually play it safe.
Neural Messages Questions
1. What is the function of the cell body, or soma?
The Soma produces all the proteins for the dendrites, axons and synaptic terminals and contains specialized organelles.
2. What is the function of the dendrites? Dendrites help receive information from other neurons and transmit electrical stimulation to the soma.
3. What is the function of the axon? The axon carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.
4. Describe the process of axonal conduction.
The process by which neurons influence post-synaptic cells such as neurons and muscles cells by the action potential being conducted along the neuron's axon, then
the neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminal. Finally the transmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell.
5. Describe the process of synaptic transmission.
Also known as neuro-transmission, is the process by which signaling molecules are released by a pre-synaptic neuron, and connect to and activate the receptors of a postsynaptic neuron.This process may take place at a synapse.
6. How are excitatory synapses different from inhibitory synapses
An excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a pre-synaptic neuron increases the chance of that action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell.
An inhibitory synapse is synapse in which the nerve impulse in a pre-synaptic cell results in a reduced chance that a post-synaptic cell will fire an action potential.
“The Teen Brain: Hard at Work…No Really”
Scientific American
According to author Leslie Sabbagh, “it is becoming apparent that society should not be fooled into thinking that a teen has the mental prowess of an adult just because he or she looks and, most of the time, behaves like one.” Provide scientific evidence to support this view.
The teenage brain is not as fully developed as an adult's brain, especially the pre-frontal cortex. Therefore, teenagers' exogenous behaviors tend to override their endogenous behaviors especially in a stressful circumstance, causing teens to act irresponsibly or "without thinking clearly". At the same time, teens use most of their pre-frontal cortex in stressful situations, and less of the rest of the regions of the brain, making one area do most of the work.
2. Explain why some neuroscientists/psychologists are not “ready to accept that the teen brain’s innate biology explains reckless behavior."
The claim is that teenage behavior is for the most part environmentally influenced. For a lot of teenagers in other countries, their behavior is more adult-like in comparison to American teenagers because those teens spend a lot of time with adults. In contrast, American teens spend most of their time with other teens, and thus, the cause of their reckless behavior.
3. What are your reactions to the article? What do you agree with/disagree with? Why?
I found this article to be very interesting because I never once connected teen reckless behavior to the underdeveloped teenage brain. I always thought that behavior was the result of peer pressure and the desire to fit in. While I do agree that teen behavior is highly linked to the underdeveloped teenage brain, I do also agree that it is linked to environmental influence---the influence of other teens. Then again, if teenage brains were fully developed, teens wouldn't succumb so much to peer pressure or slide towards exogenous responses in stressful circumstances, because they would've already learned to make better decisions from multiple experiences.
Frontline Questions Segment #4 Question 1
Teens use a dfiferent part of the brain compared to adults, when trying to make sense of certain things and understanding certain things. Therefore, teens may understand things differently compared to adults, and as a result the learning speed of teens maybe lesser than that of adults in certain circumstances, especially since teenage brains are still developing.
Segment #5 Question 2
The ramifications of being sleep deprived, especially in teens include low performance on tests, quizzes, and other school work. Other consequences may include feeling exhausted and tired during class, resulting in lack of concentration.
Segment #6 Question 3
People in children's lives do make the biggest difference because children look up to the people around them for guidance and influence. As a result, if the people around the children bnehave recklessly, the children will too, thinking that it is the right thing to do. If the people behave responsibly, the children will too because they'll know it is the right thing to do.
Explain how the environment and genetics could interact to produce the following traits:
alcoholism
Alcoholics could have inherited alcholism through an alcoholic parent or both parents. Environmentally, an alcoholic may have grown up around alcholics and adopted the behaviors, thinking they were ok. Thus, an addiction to alcholism developed. At the same time, it could be that the alcoholic finds comfort in alcohol especially in stressful situations and hides feelings/problems in alcohol.
nicotine dependence
Individuals with a high dependence on niocotene coulod have inherited from parents nicotene infected genes. Environmentally, peer pressure could cause one to start participating in the use of nicotine products. Nicotene dependence as a stress reliever is also a ajor factor
obesity
Obesity could be inherited from obese parents or ancestors. Some people's genes may also enable them to gain weight a lot quicker than others. Environmentally, an addiction to food as a comfort/stress reliever causes obesity.
extreme violence
If one's parents had violent genes in their bodies, one could inherit them. If one grows up in an extremely violent home, one may end up being violent.
intelligence
Intelligence in alot of instances is inherited through intelligent parents. They pass on their intelligent genes to children sometimes. In other cases, intelligence is adopted through experience and education.
Genetic Revolution discussion questions:
1). If it were possible, would you want to take a genetic test telling you whcih diesases you are likely to suffer from later in life?
No because I would be paranoid for the rest of my life about whether or not i have gotten the disease or not.
2). Suppose you or your partner are pregnant. Would you want the unborn child tested for genetic defects?
Yes because I am more prepared to deal with genetic defects if any.
3). Do you think it should be legal for employers to use genetic tests in deciding whom to hire?
No because it would influence the employers decision on whether or not to hire a person if they have genetic defects or not. It would also be similar to hiring a person based on race, gender, sexuality, or religion.
Unit 4 Do Now
I would lose the sense of taste because I highly value all the other senses. With taste, I could just train myself to know which foods taste bad and which don't, based on people's reactions to them. Similarly, I wouldn't have to worry about junk food because I wouldn't know hoe good it tastes. Therefore, I'd eat nutritious food all the time and forever be healthy.
PsychSim 5: THE AUDITORY SYSTEM
The Auditory System
What are the four tasks of the auditory system? 1.Pick up stimulus energy from the world around us. 2.Change that energy into a pattern of neural changes 3.Carry those impulses to the proper location in the brain 4.Process the information contained in the pattern of impulses so that the stimulus can be indentified.
Structure of the Ear What are the three main regions of the ear and their associated parts? 1.The outer ear, which contains the pinna, the ear canal, and the eardrum 2.The middle ear, which contains the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup 3.The inner ear, which contains the cochlea and the semicircular canals, as well as the auditory nerve.
The Sound Wave How are sound waves like ocean waves? What are the three aspects of sound waves? 1.With crests(peaks) and troughs(valleys) 2.The crests indicate regions of high pressure and the troughs, low pressure 3. The variations in pressure can be measured as the wave moves past a stationary object.
Frequency: The Rate of Vibration Which type of tuning fork would vibrate faster—a small, short one or a large, long one? Why? A small or short fork would vibrate faster than a larger or longer fork because it has a higher frequency.
How is frequency measured and calculated? By counting the numnber of times the wave goes up and down each second.
Frequency, Amplitude, and Waveform The frequency of a sound wave determines the _ of the sound we perceive.
The amplitude of a sound wave determines the _ of the sound we perceive.
The waveform of a sound wave determines the _ of the sound we perceive.
Hearing Sounds What happens inside the cochlea?
Sensation and Perception Variables in Your World
Taking the concepts listed below, document one example of each that you have noted in your daily life. We learn these concepts by making them personally relevant, right? Explain why this example fits the concept listed. If you describe a sensation, also explain how that qualifies as a sensation. Do not use examples in the book.
(30 points)
1. Sensation
2. Absolute Threshold
Garlic or onion odors serve as an example of an absolute threshold, in that even the smallest amount of onions or garlic in the foods we eat, such as salads or soups, produce a scent that is still detectable, especially in our breaths when we open our mouths to speak. This example fits this concept because an absolute threshold is the smallest detectable level of a stimulus, and in this case, the stimulus is the onion/garlic odor.
Signal-Detection Theory
Sometimes when we are watching television and suddenly hearing a ringing, we are forced to decide whether the ringing is the television or our own cell phones/telephones. This example fits the concept because the signal detection theory is centered on making decisions in the presence of uncertainty.
3. Difference Threshold
The other day I handed a paper cup of water to my little brother, and told him to close his eyes. I inserted an additional small of water to see if he would detect the difference in the weight, and he couldn’t. However, if he had detected a difference in the weight after I added that additional small amount of water to the already full cup, that in itself would have been an example of the difference threshold, since it centered on the minimum difference a person can detect.
4. Sensory adaptation
A good example of sensory adaptation is when one enters the shower and turns the hot water on. At first it may be too hot, but eventually one adapts to the temperature, and the hot water that seemed hot to begin with now seems just fine, considering the sensory receptors changed their sensitivity to the stimulus (the hot water).
5. Dark/light adaptation
For dark adaptation, an example could be how dark movie theatres are. The eyes depend solely on the low lighting of screen to detect objects. Objects are still detectable because the pupil enlarges to allow more of the light to enter, and increased sensitivity of both the cones and rods takes place, for increased concentration to happen. As for light adaptation, a good example could be when the teacher lifts up the blinds to allow light in, after having placed the students in a dark room for movie or other video watching purposes. After lifting the blinds, the common reaction would be for students to turn away from the light, because the pupil becomes smaller, admitting less light, and the sensitivity of the cones and rods decreases. However, after a few minutes, the students adjust to the light.
6. The balance function of your ear
For people with Ménière's disease, surgical treatments, such as decreasing the balance function of the inner ear, are usually performed to reduce dizziness and vertigo. The inner ear helps monitors the direction of motion, and if it fails to receive enough blood flow, dizziness and vertigo occurs.
7. Your own sensitivity to taste or smell
For a lot of people, eating spicy foods with too much hot pepper can be extremely overwhelming in terms of how sensitive their tongues are to spicy foods. I on the other hand can eat as much spicy food as I want to and feel almost nothing, because over the years, my sensitivity to spicy foods diminished.
8. The Gate-control theory of pain
9. Perception
10. Choose one of these – closure, proximity, similarity, or common fate
11. Relative image size
12. Interposition
13. Depth perception
14. Perceptual Constancy
12/06/11 Do now An example of classical conditioning is when pets are taken to the vet. They associate pain with the vet and they shake, because of previous experiences.
PsychSim 5: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Name: _Immaculate_ Section: Date: This activity provides a review of Pavlov’s famous experiment on the salivary response in dogs, as well as the basic processes of classical conditioning: acquisition, generalization, discrimination training, and extinction.
Salivary Response In Pavlov’s famous experiment, what did he call the… o unconditioned stimulus (UCS)? meat powder_ o unconditioned response (UCR)? saliva flow_ o conditioned stimulus (CS)? _bell/neutral stimulus_ o conditioned response (CR)? _saliva produced to bell alone_
A New Salivary Response Pavlov demonstrated that the dog had formed a conditioned association between two events. What were those events? What did the dog actually learn?
Acquisition In the example of a child who fears doctors, what label would you give to the painful injection? _ UCS _ UCR _ CS _ CR In the example of a child who fears doctors, what label would you give to the presence of the doctor? _ UCS _ UCR _ CS _ CR
Demonstrating Acquisition How could we demonstrate that acquisition had occurred—that is,
Extinction What is extinction? What is spontaneous recovery?
Generalization What is generalization?
Discrimination What is discrimination?
Conditioning an Eye Blink What is the CR in this example? _ What is the CS in this example? What is the UCS in this example? _ What is the UCR in this example?
Experiment Simulation Why are we interested only in the blinks that occur before the puff of air?
Discrimination Trials How would you interpret these graphs? Did your subject show evidence of stimulus generalization, or stimulus discrimination, or both?
Extinction Trials
How would you interpret these results? Has the conditioned response been extinguished in your subject? What would happen if we continued immediately with more trials? What would happen if we brought her back to the laboratory tomorrow for more trials?
12/08/11 Do Now Neutral Stimulus is the group of people. Anger and fear is associated with that group of people and overtime that is taught.
Classwork Rewards Punishments Negative Reinforcement Omission
Getting good grades Getting detention Coming to school on time Getting scholarship taken away
by studying well for coming late to school to avoid getting detention for having failed classes
Psych Sim PsychSim 5: OPERANT CONDITIONING Name: Section: Date: This activity describes a form of learning called operant conditioning—learning from the consequences that follow our actions.
Classical Versus Operant Conditioning What is the distinction between classical and operant conditioning? Classical involves an involuntary, automatic response such as blinking or salivating, while operant involves voluntary behaviors such as pressing a button or turning a key. Reinforcement and Punishment What effect does reinforcement have on behavior?
Give an example of positive reinforcement. Give an example of negative reinforcement. What effect does punishment have on behavior? Give an example of punishment.
Continuous Versus Partial Reinforcement If a subject comes to expect a reward after every response, what will happen if the reinforcement stops?
Schedules of Reinforcement Define the following schedules of reinforcement and give an everyday example of each: o Fixed ratio o Fixed interval o Variable ratio o Variable interval
Simulated Experiment: Schedules of Reinforcement Which schedule of reinforcement is MOST resistant to extinction? Why do you think this is so? Psych Sim PsychSim 5: OPERANT CONDITIONING Name: Section: Date: This activity describes a form of learning called operant conditioning—learning from the consequences that follow our actions.
Classical Versus Operant Conditioning What is the distinction between classical and operant conditioning? Classical involves an involuntary, automatic response such as blinking or salivating, while operant involves voluntary behaviors such as pressing a button or turning a key. Reinforcement and Punishment What effect does reinforcement have on behavior?
Give an example of positive reinforcement. Give an example of negative reinforcement. What effect does punishment have on behavior? Give an example of punishment.
Continuous Versus Partial Reinforcement If a subject comes to expect a reward after every response, what will happen if the reinforcement stops?
Schedules of Reinforcement Define the following schedules of reinforcement and give an everyday example of each: o Fixed ratio o Fixed interval o Variable ratio o Variable interval
Simulated Experiment: Schedules of Reinforcement Which schedule of reinforcement is MOST resistant to extinction? Why do you think this is so?
PsychSim 5: TRUSTING YOUR MEMORY
In this activity you’ll be able to test the reliability of your memory, and then learn what researchers have discovered about the way that memories are stored and modified by new information.
Measuring Memory
• According to researchers, what are the three memory processes?
1.Encoding
2.Storage
3.Retrieval
• How do recall tasks differ from recognition tasks?
With recall tasks, one is asked to remember certain material, given cues, so that one can generate the answer. With Recognition, one is given a choice of answers from which one is to recognize the right one.
A Look at Your Performance
• What was your score on the Recall Test? _60%_
• What was your score on the Recognition Test? 100%__
Examining Your Performance: Serial Position Effect
• What was your pattern of performance across the 15 words? Did your performance show a serial position effect?
I recalled more words at the beginning and end of the list, and thus, my performance showed a serial position effect.
Examining Your Performance: Recall Versus Recognition
• Did your performance show an advantage for recognition over recall?
Yes it did
Examining Your Performance: False Memory
• What is a “false memory?”
Remembering something that didn’t actually happen.
• Did you show false recall or false recognition for “sleep”? If so, why do you think this happened?
No I did not.
If not, why do you think your performance was different from the Roediger & McDermott study?
I paid close attention to the words presented to me on the list, and even though they were all synonymous to the word “sleep”, I knew that sleep was not part of the list. I also know that the designers of this test intentionally omitted sleep to see if people would fall for it and think it was part of the list.
Unit 8B ;Psych Sim
Other Ways We Create False Memories
• List and briefly explain the two “sins of forgetting” especially relevant to the topic of false memories:
Misattribution-distortions based on confusing the source of information.
Distortions introduced by misinformation from outside sources.
Application: Eyewitness Testimony
• How might memory distortions affect eyewitness testimony?
Eyewitness occasionally incorporate misleading information from the media or attorneys into their memories formed during the actual crime.
In this activity you will learn about the role of facial expressions in the nonverbal communication of emotion.
Primary Affects
What emotions are generally considered primary affects? How do they relate to facial expressions?
Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise.
The Facial Code
Using the table below, describe the characteristic positions of the eyebrows, eyes, and mouth for each of the six primary affects.
EYEBROWS
EYES
MOUTH
1.surprise
Raised and curved
Eyes widened, and eyelids pulled apart
Lips relaxed, jaw dropped
2. fear
Raised. Inner corners drawn together
Eyes widened. Lower eyelids tense.
Open but tense
3.disgust
Eyebrows lowered
Lower eyelids raised
Lower lip raised
4.anger
Eyebrows lowered
Eyelids tense
Lips pressed together
5.happiness
Eyebrows relaxed
Raised lower eyelid
Lips drawn back
6.sadness
Inner corners of brows raised
Inner corners of eyelids raised
Corners of lips turned down
How does the expression of disgust differ from the other primary affects?
Lower eyelids raised
Emotional Blends
What are emotional blends? How do people generally express them?
A combination of the facial codes associated with the experienced emotions.
Masking Emotion
How are people able to mask emotions?
Depending on the number of facial muscles involved in the facial expression and the complexity of their movements, it may take a second or more for the facial expressions to be fully formed.
UNIT 10
Qualitative analysis of your type formula
You are:
slightly expressed extravert
moderately expressed intuitive personality
slightly expressed thinking personality
slightly expressed judging personality
Extraverted iNtuitive Thinking Judging
by Joe Butt
Profile: ENTJ
Revision: 3.0
Date of Revision: 27 Feb 2005
"I don't care to sit by the window on an airplane. If I can't control it, why look?"
ENTJs have a natural tendency to marshall and direct. This may be expressed with the charm and finesse of a world leader or with the insensitivity of a cult leader. The ENTJ requires little encouragement to make a plan. One ENTJ put it this way... "I make these little plans that really don't have any importance to anyone else, and then feel compelled to carry them out." While "compelled" may not describe ENTJs as a group, nevertheless the bent to plan creatively and to make those plans reality is a common theme for NJ types.
ENTJs are often "larger than life" in describing their projects or proposals. This ability may be expressed as salesmanship, story-telling facility or stand-up comedy. In combination with the natural propensity for filibuster, our hero can make it very difficult for the customer to decline.
TRADEMARK: -- "I'm really sorry you have to die." (I realize this is an overstatement. However, most Fs and other gentle souls usually chuckle knowingly at this description.)
ENTJs are decisive. They see what needs to be done, and frequently assign roles to their fellows. Few other types can equal their ability to remain resolute in conflict, sending the valiant (and often leading the charge) into the mouth of hell. When challenged, the ENTJ may by reflex become argumentative. Alternatively (s)he may unleash an icy gaze that serves notice: the ENTJ is not one to be trifled with. Functional Analysis
Extraverted Thinking
"Unequivocating" expresses the resoluteness of the ENTJ's dominant function. Clarity of convictions endows these Thinkers with a knack for debate, or wanting knack, a penchant for argument. The light and heat generated by Thinking at the helm can be impressive; perhaps even overwhelming. Experience teaches many ENTJs that restraint may often be the better part of valor, lest one find oneself victorious but alone.
Introverted iNtuition
The auxiliary function explores the blueprints of archetypal patterns and equips Thinking with a fresh, dynamic sense of how things work. Improvising on the fly is something many ENTJs do very well. As Thinking's subordinate, insights are of value only insofar as they further the Right, True Cause celebre. [n.b.: ENTJs are capable of living on a higher plane, if you will, and learning to value individuals even above their principles. The above dynamic suggests less individuation.]
Extraverted Sensing
Sensing reaches out to embrace that which physically touches it. ENTJs have an awareness of the real; of that which exists. By stilling the engines of Thinking and iNtuition, this type may experience the Here and Now, and know things not dreamt of nor even postulated in iNtuition's philosophy. Sensing's minor role, however, puts it at risk for distortion or extreme weakness beneath the hustle and bustle of the giants N and T.
Introverted Feeling
Feeling is romantic, as the ethereal as the inner world from whence it doth emerge. When it be awake, feeling evokes great passion that knows not nuance of proportion nor context. Perhaps these lesser functions inspire glorious recreational quests in worlds that never were, or may only ever be in fantasy. When overdone or taken too seriously, Fi turned outward often becomes maudlin or melodramatic. Feeling in this type appears most authentic when implied or expressed covertly in a firm handshake, accepting demeanor, or act of sacrifice thinly covered by excuses of lack of any personal interest in the relinquished item.
Famous ENTJs:
U.S. Presidents:Franklin D. RooseveltRichard M. Nixon
Lamar Alexander (US Senator)
Les Aspen, former U.S. Secretary of Defense
Candace Bergen (Murphy Brown)
Jim Carrey (Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, The Mask)
Rahm Emanuel, White House Chief of Staff
Harrison Ford
Newt Gingrich
Whoopi Goldberg
Benny Goodman, "Big Band" leader
Al Gore (U.S Vice President, 1993-2001)
Penn Jillette
Steve Jobs
Dave Letterman
Steve Martin
General Norman Schwarzkopf
Patrick Stewart (STNG: Jean Luc Picard)
Margaret Thatcher
Robert James Waller (author: The Bridges of Madison County)
Sigourney Weaver
YOUR TYPE
E
N
T
J
Strength of the preferences %
1
50
12
22
determines careers most suitable for your type from personality type standpoint. Based on your personality type, the following is a list of your most suitable occupations along with some examples of educational institutions, where you can receive a relevant degree or training. Please click institution name for more information. Invite your friends to discover most suitable for them careers.
My favorite subjects are English language and psychology. That's all about myself.
The article about the National Geographic mainly elicited the idea that teenagers made unconscious/reckless decisions due to the fact that teenage brains are not fully developed .They are not as developed as adult brains.
Risk Taker Quiz Results
You are a moderate risk taker. You like to have fun, but you usually play it safe.
Neural Messages Questions
1. What is the function of the cell body, or soma?
The Soma produces all the proteins for the dendrites, axons and synaptic terminals and contains specialized organelles.
2. What is the function of the dendrites?
Dendrites help receive information from other neurons and transmit electrical stimulation to the soma.
3. What is the function of the axon?
The axon carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.
4. Describe the process of axonal conduction.
The process by which neurons influence post-synaptic cells such as neurons and muscles cells by the action potential being conducted along the neuron's axon, then
the neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminal. Finally the transmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell.
5. Describe the process of synaptic transmission.
Also known as neuro-transmission, is the process by which signaling molecules are released by a pre-synaptic neuron, and connect to and activate the receptors of a postsynaptic neuron.This process may take place at a synapse.
6. How are excitatory synapses different from inhibitory synapses
An excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a pre-synaptic neuron increases the chance of that action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell.
An inhibitory synapse is synapse in which the nerve impulse in a pre-synaptic cell results in a reduced chance that a post-synaptic cell will fire an action potential.
“The Teen Brain: Hard at Work…No Really”
Scientific American
- According to author Leslie Sabbagh, “it is becoming apparent that society should not be fooled into thinking that a teen has the mental prowess of an adult just because he or she looks and, most of the time, behaves like one.” Provide scientific evidence to support this view.
The teenage brain is not as fully developed as an adult's brain, especially the pre-frontal cortex. Therefore, teenagers' exogenous behaviors tend to override their endogenous behaviors especially in a stressful circumstance, causing teens to act irresponsibly or "without thinking clearly". At the same time, teens use most of their pre-frontal cortex in stressful situations, and less of the rest of the regions of the brain, making one area do most of the work.2. Explain why some neuroscientists/psychologists are not “ready to accept that the teen brain’s innate biology explains reckless behavior."
The claim is that teenage behavior is for the most part environmentally influenced. For a lot of teenagers in other countries, their behavior is more adult-like in comparison to American teenagers because those teens spend a lot of time with adults. In contrast, American teens spend most of their time with other teens, and thus, the cause of their reckless behavior.
3. What are your reactions to the article? What do you agree with/disagree with? Why?
I found this article to be very interesting because I never once connected teen reckless behavior to the underdeveloped teenage brain. I always thought that behavior was the result of peer pressure and the desire to fit in. While I do agree that teen behavior is highly linked to the underdeveloped teenage brain, I do also agree that it is linked to environmental influence---the influence of other teens. Then again, if teenage brains were fully developed, teens wouldn't succumb so much to peer pressure or slide towards exogenous responses in stressful circumstances, because they would've already learned to make better decisions from multiple experiences.
Frontline Questions
Segment #4 Question 1
Teens use a dfiferent part of the brain compared to adults, when trying to make sense of certain things and understanding certain things. Therefore, teens may understand things differently compared to adults, and as a result the learning speed of teens maybe lesser than that of adults in certain circumstances, especially since teenage brains are still developing.
Segment #5 Question 2
The ramifications of being sleep deprived, especially in teens include low performance on tests, quizzes, and other school work. Other consequences may include feeling exhausted and tired during class, resulting in lack of concentration.
Segment #6 Question 3
People in children's lives do make the biggest difference because children look up to the people around them for guidance and influence. As a result, if the people around the children bnehave recklessly, the children will too, thinking that it is the right thing to do. If the people behave responsibly, the children will too because they'll know it is the right thing to do.
Explain how the environment and genetics could interact to produce the following traits:
- alcoholism
Alcoholics could have inherited alcholism through an alcoholic parent or both parents. Environmentally, an alcoholic may have grown up around alcholics and adopted the behaviors, thinking they were ok. Thus, an addiction to alcholism developed. At the same time, it could be that the alcoholic finds comfort in alcohol especially in stressful situations and hides feelings/problems in alcohol.- nicotine dependence
Individuals with a high dependence on niocotene coulod have inherited from parents nicotene infected genes. Environmentally, peer pressure could cause one to start participating in the use of nicotine products. Nicotene dependence as a stress reliever is also a ajor factorextreme violence
If one's parents had violent genes in their bodies, one could inherit them. If one grows up in an extremely violent home, one may end up being violent.
Genetic Revolution discussion questions:
1). If it were possible, would you want to take a genetic test telling you whcih diesases you are likely to suffer from later in life?
No because I would be paranoid for the rest of my life about whether or not i have gotten the disease or not.
2). Suppose you or your partner are pregnant. Would you want the unborn child tested for genetic defects?
Yes because I am more prepared to deal with genetic defects if any.
3). Do you think it should be legal for employers to use genetic tests in deciding whom to hire?
No because it would influence the employers decision on whether or not to hire a person if they have genetic defects or not. It would also be similar to hiring a person based on race, gender, sexuality, or religion.
Unit 4 Do Now
I would lose the sense of taste because I highly value all the other senses. With taste, I could just train myself to know which foods taste bad and which don't, based on people's reactions to them. Similarly, I wouldn't have to worry about junk food because I wouldn't know hoe good it tastes. Therefore, I'd eat nutritious food all the time and forever be healthy.
PsychSim 5: THE AUDITORY SYSTEM
The Auditory System
What are the four tasks of the auditory system?
1.Pick up stimulus energy from the world around us.
2.Change that energy into a pattern of neural changes
3.Carry those impulses to the proper location in the brain
4.Process the information contained in the pattern of impulses so that the stimulus can be indentified.
Structure of the Ear
What are the three main regions of the ear and their associated parts?
1.The outer ear, which contains the pinna, the ear canal, and the eardrum
2.The middle ear, which contains the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup
3.The inner ear, which contains the cochlea and the semicircular canals, as well as the auditory nerve.
The Sound Wave
How are sound waves like ocean waves?
What are the three aspects of sound waves?
1.With crests(peaks) and troughs(valleys)
2.The crests indicate regions of high pressure and the troughs, low pressure
3. The variations in pressure can be measured as the wave moves past a stationary object.
Frequency: The Rate of Vibration
Which type of tuning fork would vibrate faster—a small, short one or a large, long one? Why?
A small or short fork would vibrate faster than a larger or longer fork because it has a higher frequency.
How is frequency measured and calculated?
By counting the numnber of times the wave goes up and down each second.
Frequency, Amplitude, and Waveform
The frequency of a sound wave determines the _ of the sound we perceive.
The amplitude of a sound wave determines the _ of the sound we perceive.
The waveform of a sound wave determines the _ of the sound we perceive.
Hearing Sounds
What happens inside the cochlea?
Sensation and Perception Variables in Your World
Taking the concepts listed below, document one example of each that you have noted in your daily life. We learn these concepts by making them personally relevant, right? Explain why this example fits the concept listed. If you describe a sensation, also explain how that qualifies as a sensation. Do not use examples in the book.
(30 points)
1. Sensation
2. Absolute Threshold
Garlic or onion odors serve as an example of an absolute threshold, in that even the smallest amount of onions or garlic in the foods we eat, such as salads or soups, produce a scent that is still detectable, especially in our breaths when we open our mouths to speak. This example fits this concept because an absolute threshold is the smallest detectable level of a stimulus, and in this case, the stimulus is the onion/garlic odor.
Signal-Detection Theory
Sometimes when we are watching television and suddenly hearing a ringing, we are forced to decide whether the ringing is the television or our own cell phones/telephones. This example fits the concept because the signal detection theory is centered on making decisions in the presence of uncertainty.
3. Difference Threshold
The other day I handed a paper cup of water to my little brother, and told him to close his eyes. I inserted an additional small of water to see if he would detect the difference in the weight, and he couldn’t. However, if he had detected a difference in the weight after I added that additional small amount of water to the already full cup, that in itself would have been an example of the difference threshold, since it centered on the minimum difference a person can detect.
4. Sensory adaptation
A good example of sensory adaptation is when one enters the shower and turns the hot water on. At first it may be too hot, but eventually one adapts to the temperature, and the hot water that seemed hot to begin with now seems just fine, considering the sensory receptors changed their sensitivity to the stimulus (the hot water).
5. Dark/light adaptation
For dark adaptation, an example could be how dark movie theatres are. The eyes depend solely on the low lighting of screen to detect objects. Objects are still detectable because the pupil enlarges to allow more of the light to enter, and increased sensitivity of both the cones and rods takes place, for increased concentration to happen. As for light adaptation, a good example could be when the teacher lifts up the blinds to allow light in, after having placed the students in a dark room for movie or other video watching purposes. After lifting the blinds, the common reaction would be for students to turn away from the light, because the pupil becomes smaller, admitting less light, and the sensitivity of the cones and rods decreases. However, after a few minutes, the students adjust to the light.
6. The balance function of your ear
For people with Ménière's disease, surgical treatments, such as decreasing the balance function of the inner ear, are usually performed to reduce dizziness and vertigo. The inner ear helps monitors the direction of motion, and if it fails to receive enough blood flow, dizziness and vertigo occurs.
7. Your own sensitivity to taste or smell
For a lot of people, eating spicy foods with too much hot pepper can be extremely overwhelming in terms of how sensitive their tongues are to spicy foods. I on the other hand can eat as much spicy food as I want to and feel almost nothing, because over the years, my sensitivity to spicy foods diminished.
8. The Gate-control theory of pain
9. Perception
10. Choose one of these – closure, proximity, similarity, or common fate
11. Relative image size
12. Interposition
13. Depth perception
14. Perceptual Constancy
12/06/11
Do now
An example of classical conditioning is when pets are taken to the vet. They associate pain with the vet and they shake, because of previous experiences.
PsychSim 5: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Name: _Immaculate_
Section:
Date:
This activity provides a review of Pavlov’s famous experiment on the salivary response in dogs, as well as the basic processes of classical conditioning: acquisition, generalization, discrimination training, and extinction.
Salivary Response
In Pavlov’s famous experiment, what did he call the…
o unconditioned stimulus (UCS)? meat powder_
o unconditioned response (UCR)? saliva flow_
o conditioned stimulus (CS)? _bell/neutral stimulus_
o conditioned response (CR)? _saliva produced to bell alone_
A New Salivary Response
Pavlov demonstrated that the dog had formed a conditioned association between two events. What were those events? What did the dog actually learn?
Acquisition
In the example of a child who fears doctors, what label would you give to the painful injection?
_ UCS _ UCR _ CS _ CR
In the example of a child who fears doctors, what label would you give to the presence of the
doctor?
_ UCS _ UCR _ CS _ CR
Demonstrating Acquisition
How could we demonstrate that acquisition had occurred—that is,
Extinction
What is extinction?
What is spontaneous recovery?
Generalization
What is generalization?
Discrimination
What is discrimination?
Conditioning an Eye Blink
What is the CR in this example? _
What is the CS in this example?
What is the UCS in this example? _
What is the UCR in this example?
Experiment Simulation
Why are we interested only in the blinks that occur before the puff of air?
Discrimination Trials
How would you interpret these graphs? Did your subject show evidence of stimulus generalization, or stimulus discrimination, or both?
Extinction Trials
How would you interpret these results? Has the conditioned response been extinguished in your subject? What would happen if we continued immediately with more trials? What would happen if we brought her back to the laboratory tomorrow for more trials?
12/08/11
Do Now
Neutral Stimulus is the group of people. Anger and fear is associated with that group of people and overtime that is taught.
Classwork
Rewards Punishments Negative Reinforcement Omission
Getting good grades Getting detention Coming to school on time Getting scholarship taken away
by studying well for coming late to school to avoid getting detention for having failed classes
Psych Sim
PsychSim 5: OPERANT CONDITIONING
Name:
Section:
Date:
This activity describes a form of learning called operant conditioning—learning from the consequences that follow our actions.
Classical Versus Operant Conditioning
What is the distinction between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical involves an involuntary, automatic response such as blinking or salivating, while operant involves voluntary behaviors such as pressing a button or turning a key.
Reinforcement and Punishment
What effect does reinforcement have on behavior?
Give an example of positive reinforcement.
Give an example of negative reinforcement.
What effect does punishment have on behavior?
Give an example of punishment.
Continuous Versus Partial Reinforcement
If a subject comes to expect a reward after every response, what will happen if the reinforcement stops?
Schedules of Reinforcement
Define the following schedules of reinforcement and give an everyday example of each:
o Fixed ratio
o Fixed interval
o Variable ratio
o Variable interval
Simulated Experiment: Schedules of Reinforcement
Which schedule of reinforcement is MOST resistant to extinction? Why do you think this is so?
Psych Sim
PsychSim 5: OPERANT CONDITIONING
Name:
Section:
Date:
This activity describes a form of learning called operant conditioning—learning from the consequences that follow our actions.
Classical Versus Operant Conditioning
What is the distinction between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical involves an involuntary, automatic response such as blinking or salivating, while operant involves voluntary behaviors such as pressing a button or turning a key.
Reinforcement and Punishment
What effect does reinforcement have on behavior?
Give an example of positive reinforcement.
Give an example of negative reinforcement.
What effect does punishment have on behavior?
Give an example of punishment.
Continuous Versus Partial Reinforcement
If a subject comes to expect a reward after every response, what will happen if the reinforcement stops?
Schedules of Reinforcement
Define the following schedules of reinforcement and give an everyday example of each:
o Fixed ratio
o Fixed interval
o Variable ratio
o Variable interval
Simulated Experiment: Schedules of Reinforcement
Which schedule of reinforcement is MOST resistant to extinction? Why do you think this is so?
PsychSim 5: TRUSTING YOUR MEMORY
In this activity you’ll be able to test the reliability of your memory, and then learn what researchers have discovered about the way that memories are stored and modified by new information.
Measuring Memory
• According to researchers, what are the three memory processes?
1.Encoding
2.Storage
3.Retrieval
• How do recall tasks differ from recognition tasks?
With recall tasks, one is asked to remember certain material, given cues, so that one can generate the answer. With Recognition, one is given a choice of answers from which one is to recognize the right one.
A Look at Your Performance
• What was your score on the Recall Test? _60%_
• What was your score on the Recognition Test? 100%__
Examining Your Performance: Serial Position Effect
• What was your pattern of performance across the 15 words? Did your performance show a serial position effect?
I recalled more words at the beginning and end of the list, and thus, my performance showed a serial position effect.
Examining Your Performance: Recall Versus Recognition
• Did your performance show an advantage for recognition over recall?
Yes it did
Examining Your Performance: False Memory
• What is a “false memory?”
Remembering something that didn’t actually happen.
• Did you show false recall or false recognition for “sleep”? If so, why do you think this happened?
No I did not.
If not, why do you think your performance was different from the Roediger & McDermott study?
I paid close attention to the words presented to me on the list, and even though they were all synonymous to the word “sleep”, I knew that sleep was not part of the list. I also know that the designers of this test intentionally omitted sleep to see if people would fall for it and think it was part of the list.
Unit 8B ;Psych Sim
Other Ways We Create False Memories
• List and briefly explain the two “sins of forgetting” especially relevant to the topic of false memories:
Application: Eyewitness Testimony
• How might memory distortions affect eyewitness testimony?
Eyewitness occasionally incorporate misleading information from the media or attorneys into their memories formed during the actual crime.
In this activity you will learn about the role of facial expressions in the nonverbal communication of emotion.
Primary Affects
Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise.
The Facial Code
Emotional Blends
A combination of the facial codes associated with the experienced emotions.
Masking Emotion
UNIT 10
Qualitative analysis of your type formula
You are:
Extraverted iNtuitive Thinking Judging
by Joe Butt
Profile: ENTJ
Revision: 3.0
Date of Revision: 27 Feb 2005
- "I don't care to sit by the window on an airplane. If I can't control it, why look?"
ENTJs have a natural tendency to marshall and direct. This may be expressed with the charm and finesse of a world leader or with the insensitivity of a cult leader. The ENTJ requires little encouragement to make a plan. One ENTJ put it this way... "I make these little plans that really don't have any importance to anyone else, and then feel compelled to carry them out." While "compelled" may not describe ENTJs as a group, nevertheless the bent to plan creatively and to make those plans reality is a common theme for NJ types.ENTJs are often "larger than life" in describing their projects or proposals. This ability may be expressed as salesmanship, story-telling facility or stand-up comedy. In combination with the natural propensity for filibuster, our hero can make it very difficult for the customer to decline.
TRADEMARK: -- "I'm really sorry you have to die." (I realize this is an overstatement. However, most Fs and other gentle souls usually chuckle knowingly at this description.)
ENTJs are decisive. They see what needs to be done, and frequently assign roles to their fellows. Few other types can equal their ability to remain resolute in conflict, sending the valiant (and often leading the charge) into the mouth of hell. When challenged, the ENTJ may by reflex become argumentative. Alternatively (s)he may unleash an icy gaze that serves notice: the ENTJ is not one to be trifled with.
Functional Analysis
Extraverted Thinking
"Unequivocating" expresses the resoluteness of the ENTJ's dominant function. Clarity of convictions endows these Thinkers with a knack for debate, or wanting knack, a penchant for argument. The light and heat generated by Thinking at the helm can be impressive; perhaps even overwhelming. Experience teaches many ENTJs that restraint may often be the better part of valor, lest one find oneself victorious but alone.Introverted iNtuition
The auxiliary function explores the blueprints of archetypal patterns and equips Thinking with a fresh, dynamic sense of how things work. Improvising on the fly is something many ENTJs do very well. As Thinking's subordinate, insights are of value only insofar as they further the Right, True Cause celebre. [n.b.: ENTJs are capable of living on a higher plane, if you will, and learning to value individuals even above their principles. The above dynamic suggests less individuation.]Extraverted Sensing
Sensing reaches out to embrace that which physically touches it. ENTJs have an awareness of the real; of that which exists. By stilling the engines of Thinking and iNtuition, this type may experience the Here and Now, and know things not dreamt of nor even postulated in iNtuition's philosophy. Sensing's minor role, however, puts it at risk for distortion or extreme weakness beneath the hustle and bustle of the giants N and T.Introverted Feeling
Feeling is romantic, as the ethereal as the inner world from whence it doth emerge. When it be awake, feeling evokes great passion that knows not nuance of proportion nor context. Perhaps these lesser functions inspire glorious recreational quests in worlds that never were, or may only ever be in fantasy. When overdone or taken too seriously, Fi turned outward often becomes maudlin or melodramatic. Feeling in this type appears most authentic when implied or expressed covertly in a firm handshake, accepting demeanor, or act of sacrifice thinly covered by excuses of lack of any personal interest in the relinquished item.Famous ENTJs:
U.S. Presidents:Franklin D. RooseveltRichard M. NixonLamar Alexander (US Senator)
Les Aspen, former U.S. Secretary of Defense
Candace Bergen (Murphy Brown)
Jim Carrey (Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, The Mask)
Rahm Emanuel, White House Chief of Staff
Harrison Ford
Newt Gingrich
Whoopi Goldberg
Benny Goodman, "Big Band" leader
Al Gore (U.S Vice President, 1993-2001)
Penn Jillette
Steve Jobs
Dave Letterman
Steve Martin
General Norman Schwarzkopf
Patrick Stewart (STNG: Jean Luc Picard)
Margaret Thatcher
Robert James Waller (author: The Bridges of Madison County)
Sigourney Weaver